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Learners test solutions of water, sugar, salt, and hydrochloric acid for electrical conductivity. They immerse leads from a lighting device (a battery pack connected to an LED) into each solution.

Learners measure a bottle full of air, and then use a vacuum pump to remove the air. When they re-weigh the bottle, learners find the mass is about 0.8g less.

Learners observe two joined glass tubes containing a conductive salt solution. Electrodes are passing an electric current through the water.

This is a highly visual demonstration that illustrates both the effects of density and chemical reactions.

In this activity, learners investigate the different salinity levels of oceans, rivers and estuaries.